Financial Ratios Cheat Sheet: 13 Core Metrics Explained

A reference guide with exact formulas, industry benchmark standards, and strategic interpretation rules for essential financial ratios.

Financial ratio analysis is the standard language of financial communication. When evaluated across multiple years, ratios expose underlying trends in working capital strain, margin compression, or balance sheet deleveraging that raw statement numbers may conceal.

Liquidity Ratios

Current Ratio

Target: 1.33x – 2.00x
Current Assets / Current Liabilities

Measures short-term debt-paying capability. A ratio above 1.33x is generally required by commercial lenders.

Quick Ratio (Acid-Test)

Target: 1.00x – 1.25x
(Current Assets - Inventories) / Current Liabilities

Measures immediate cash liquidity without relying on the sale of physical inventory.

Solvency & Leverage Ratios

Debt-to-Equity Ratio

Target: < 1.00x (Conservative), < 2.00x (Moderate)
Total Borrowings / Shareholders’ Equity

Assesses financial leverage and long-term risk. Lower ratios signify lower financial distress risk.

Interest Coverage Ratio

Target: > 3.00x
EBIT / Finance Costs (Interest)

Evaluates the company’s operating margin of safety in meeting ongoing debt service obligations.

Profitability & Return Ratios

EBITDA Margin (%)

Target: 15% – 25% (Industry dependent)
(EBITDA / Total Revenue) × 100

Core operational cash profitability before capital structure, depreciation, and tax distortions.

Return on Equity (ROE %)

Target: > 15.0%
(Net Profit / Shareholders’ Equity) × 100

Measures the rate of return generated on total capital invested by shareholders.

Return on Capital Employed (ROCE %)

Target: > 15.0%
[EBIT / (Equity + Long-Term Debt)] × 100

Measures overall business efficiency across both equity and long-term borrowed capital.

Operating Efficiency & Turnover Ratios

Receivables Turnover & DSO

Target: 4.0x – 8.0x (45 – 90 days)
Revenue / Trade Receivables (DSO = 365 / Turnover)

Quantifies how efficiently customer invoices are collected into cash.

Inventory Turnover

Target: 4.0x – 6.0x (60 – 90 days)
COGS / Average Inventory

Measures stock velocity and helps detect obsolescence or overstocking.

Working Capital Turnover

Target: 4.0x – 8.0x
Revenue / Net Working Capital

Assesses how effectively net short-term operating assets support top-line revenue volume.

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